BarThe bar-headed goose has a lot of higher tolerance for low oxygen pressure contrary to than A. anser and high haemoglobin (Hb)[Note: UK spelling & definition of abbreviation on first use] oxygen affinity, which allows it to survive at high altitudes[Recommend: separate into two sentences for clarity]. There are only four amino acid differences in the Hb of these species, but substitution of Pro for Ala at position 119 in bar-headed goose Hb results in smaller reduces contact between the α1 and β1 subunits compared to compared with A. anser. The enlarged increased oxygen affinity is due to destabilization destabilisation of the protein’s deoxy T state caused by reduction relaxation of the α1β1 interface Here, the A. indicus oxy-hemoglobinhaemoglobin crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction at 2 Å resolution (PDB entry: 1a4f4), and we describe it compared to compared with the deoxy T state (PDB entry: 1hv4). In general, bar-headed goose hemoglobin haemoglobin has the same structure as other Hbs, and is a tetramer made comprised of two 141-residue α-chains and two 146-residue β-chains bound noncovalently bound with consisting mostly of antiparallel helix helices (mostly α- helix) tied to helices) with short β-turns without and no β-sheetsheets.

The bar-headed goose has higher tolerance for low oxygen pressure than A. anser and high haemoglobin (Hb)[Note: UK spelling & definition of abbreviation on first use] oxygen affinity, which allows it to survive at high altitudes[Recommend: separate into two sentences for clarity]. There are only four amino acid differences in the Hb of these species, but substitution of Pro for Ala at position 119 in bar-headed goose Hb reduces contact between α1 and β1 subunits compared with A. anser. The increased oxygen affinity is due to destabilisation of the protein’s deoxy T state by relaxation of the α1β1 interface Here, the A. indicus oxy-haemoglobin crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction at 2 Å resolution (PDB entry: 1a4f4), and we describe it compared with the deoxy T state (PDB entry: 1hv4). In general, bar-headed goose haemoglobin has the same structure as other Hbs, and is a tetramer comprised of two 141-residue α-chains and two 146-residue β-chains bound noncovalently consisting mostly of antiparallel helices (mostly α-helices) with short β-turns and no β-sheets.

We run ran TRACKERR and to check the behaviour of the simulation. As the first step, we check checked the dr and dz resolution resolutions of each momentum when track where the particle trajectory is perpendicular to the z direction. In this case, the impact parameter resolution should be asymptotically the same as approach the measurement error of the 1st layer of the PXD (50 μm/√12 – 14 μm) in at high momentum and be degraded by the effect of suffer from degradation due to multiple scattering at low momentum. The difference between the slant and straight design designs should be very small because there are only tiny difference differences in detector setting settings (at the location of the 4th layer) in this direction. The result is results are shown in Figure 4.5. The calculated dr resolution is and dz resolutions were 12.5 μm and dz resolution is 14 μm at momentum of 3 GeV/c, respectively. These are values were consistent to with the expectation that these resolutions are the resolution would be dominated by the resolution of the innermost PXD (~14 μm). The momentum dependence of the dr and dz resolution resolutions shown in Figure 4.5 is was also as expected.

The second step is to see determine the magnet magnetic field dependence of the transverse momentum (i.e., pt resolution). In a stronger strong magnetic field, the radius of the helix of the trajectory becomes small which results shorter resulting in better pt resolution in the case of high-momentum In the case of low momentum, however tracks, but in the case of low-momentum tracks, the particle can’t does not reach all detectors every detector and the hit number decreases which results resulting in lower pt resolution[Recommend: separate into two sentences for clarity]. The results for B = 1.5 and 1.2 T are shown in Figure 4.6. We find found better pt resolution in a stronger for strong magnetic field fields at higher high momentum and in a weaker weak magnetic field fields at low momentum, which is consistent to expectation. with expectations. AfterThe results of these checks we confirm confirmed that TRACKERR runs correctly.

We ran TRACKERR to check the behaviour of the simulation. As the first step, we checked the dr and dz resolutions of each momentum track where the particle trajectory is perpendicular to the z direction. In this case, the impact parameter resolution should asymptotically approach the measurement error of the 1st layer of the PXD (50 μm/√12 – 14 μm) at high momentum and suffer from degradation due to multiple scattering at low momentum. The difference between the slant and straight designs should be very small because there are only tiny differences in detector settings (at the location of the 4th layer) in this direction. The results are shown in Figure 4.5. The calculated dr and dz resolutions were 12.5 μm and 14 μm at momentum of 3 GeV/c, respectively. These values were consistent with the expectation that the resolution would be dominated by the resolution of the innermost PXD (~14 μm). The momentum dependence of the dr and dz resolutions shown in Figure 4.5 was also as expected.

The second step is to determine the magnetic field dependence of the transverse momentum (i.e., pt resolution). In a strong magnetic field, the radius of the helix of the trajectory becomes shorter resulting in better pt resolution in the case of high-momentum tracks, but in the case of low-momentum tracks, the particle does not reach every detector and the hit number decreases resulting in lower pt resolution[Recommend: separate into two sentences for clarity]. The results for B = 1.5 and 1.2 T are shown in Figure 4.6. We found better pt resolution for strong magnetic fields at high momentum and weak magnetic fields at low momentum, consistent with expectations. The results of these checks confirmed that TRACKERR runs correctly.